Regional variation of pronunciation in the south-west of England

|> [?]: |> [ц]: |> [ ]: |

|good [g?d] |book [bцk] |book [b k] |

|hood [h?d] |cook [kцk] |brook [br k] |

|foot [f?t] |crook [krцk] |crook [kr k] |

|blood [bl?d] |look [lцk] |look [l k] |

|stood [st?d] |took [tцk] |took [t k] |

|bloom [bl?m] |good [gцd] |good [g d] |

|broom [br?m] |foot [fцt] |foot [f t] |

|moon [m?n] |stood [stцd] |soot [s t] |

|loom [l?m] | |flood [fl d] |

|Eastern | | |

|> [ ]: | | |

|book [b k] | | |

|brook [br k] | | |

|crook [kr k] | | |

|“i” in the open syllable |

|South-western |Southern | |

|> [e?]: |> [e?]: | |

|fly [fle?] |bide [be?d] | |

|lie [le?] |wide [we?d] | |

|thigh [?e?] |time [te?m] | |

|Eastern | | |

|> [ ?]: | | |

|fly [fl ?] | | |

|lie [l ?] | | |

|“o” in the closed syllable followed by a consonant |

|South-western | |Eastern |

|> [a:]: | |> [ ]: |

|dog [da:g] | |cot [k t] |

|cross [kra:s] | |bottom [b tm] |

| | |dog [d g] |

| | |cross [kr s] |

| | |Western |

| | |> [a:]: |

| | |dog [da:g] |

| | |cross [kra:s] |

|Devonshire |Somersetshire |Wiltshire |

|“o” + a nasal consonant |

|North-western |Western |Western |

|> [ж]: among [?’mж?], long [lж?], wrong [wrж?] |

|“ol” + a consonant |

| |Western |Western |

| |> [u?l]: gold [gv?ld], old [u?ld] |

|“oa” |

| |Western | |

| |> [ ]: | |

| |bone [b n] | |

| |broad [br d] | |

| |rope [r p] | |

| |load [l d] | |

| |“oi” | |

| | |> [a?]: |

| | |choice [t?a?s] |

| | |join [d(a?n] |

| | |moil [ma?l] |

| | |point [pa?nt] |

| | |spoil [spa?l] |

| | |voice [va?s] |

|“u” in the closed syllable |

|Southern | | |

|> [e]: | | |

|but [bet] | | |

|dust [dest] | | |

|“ou”/“ow” |

| | |Easter |

| | |> [av]: |

| | |low [lav] |

| | |owe [au] |

|“oo” |

|North-Western |Western |Middle/Eastern |

|> [?]: |> [ц]: |> [ ]: |

|good [g?d] |book [bцk] |book [b k] |

|hood [h?d] |cook [kцk] |brook [br k] |

|foot [f?t] |crook [krцk] |crook [kr k] |

|blood [bl?d] |look [lцk] |look [l k] |

|stood [st?d] |took [tцk] |took [t k] |

|bloom [bl?m] |good [gцd] |good [g d] |

|broom [br?m] |foot [fцt] |foot [f t] |

|moon [m?n] |stood [stцd] |soot [s t] |

|loom [l?m] | |flood [fl d] |

|root [r?t] | | |

|spoon [sp?n] | | |

|Eastern | | |

|> [ ]: | | |

|book [b k] | | |

|brook [br k] | | |

|crook [kr k] | | |

|look [l k] | | |

|“er”, “ir”, “ur” |

| |Southern | |

| |> [a:]: | |

| |learn [la:n] | |

| |earth [a:?] | |

| |bird [ba:d] | |

| |birch [ba:t?] | |

| |merchant [’ma:t??nt] | |

| |herb [ha:b] | |

| |work [wa:k] | |

|“or” |

| |> [a:]: fork [fa:k], horse [ha:s], horn [ha:n], |

| |short [?a:t], |

| | Morning [’ma:n??], word [wa:d] |

|“ew” |

|Eastern | |Northern |

|> [ь:]: | |> [jav]: |

|dew [dь:] | |dew [djau] |

|few [fь:] | |few [fjau] |

| | |new [njau] |

| |

|2. Consonantism |

|[w] in the beginning of the word or before “h” |

|old [w l] | |[w] is not pronounced: |

|oak [w k] | |week [ouk] |

|hot [w t] | |swick [su:k] |

|home [w m] | | |

|orchard [wurt??t] | | |

|hole [hwul] | | |

|hope [hwup] | | |

|open [’wupen] | | |

|“w” before “r” |

|is not pronounced |Western |is not pronounced |

| |> [vr]: | |

| |wreck, wren, wrench, | |

| |wrap, write, wrong | |

| |e.g. Ye vratch, ye’ve | |

| |vrutten that a’vrang. | |

| |(= You wretch, you’ve | |

| |written that all wrong.)| |

|“wh” at the beginning of a word is [w], [u:], [u?] |

|in the middle of a word [w] is pronounced |

|boy [bwo], moist [mw ?st], toad [twud], cool [kwul], country [’kw?ntr?] |

|“f”, “th”, “s”, “sh” are voiced |

|Friday [’vrж:d?], friends [vr?n(], fleas [vle:z], and in the these words: |

|foe, father, fair, fear, find, fish, foal, full, follow, filth, fist, fire, |

|fond, fault, feast, force, forge, fool. |

|[?]: thought [р :t], thick [р?k], thigh [рa?], and in the words: from, |

|freeze, fresh, free, friend, frost, frog, froth, flesh, fly flock, flood, |

|fleece, fling, flower, fail. |

|“t” at the beginning of the word before a vowel |

|Nothern | | |

|> [t?]: | | |

|team [t?em], | | |

|tune [t?un], | | |

|Tuesday [’t?uzde] | | |

|East D “t” in the middle| | |

|of the word is voiced: | | |

|bottle [’b dl], | | |

|kettle [’kedl], | | |

|little [’l?dl], | | |

|nettle [’nedl], | | |

|bottom [’b dm], | | |

|matter [’med?], | | |

|cattle [’k dl], | | |

|kittens [k?dnz] | | |

|“t” in the middle of the word is voiced |

| | |Western |

| | |bottle [’b dl], |

| | |kettle [’kedl], |

| | |little [’l?dl], |

| | |nettle [’nedl], |

| | |bottom [’b dm], |

| | |matter [’med?], |

| | |cattle [’k dl], |

| | |kittens [k?dnz] |

|The consonant [t] in (the French borrowings) hasn’t become [t?] as it is in |

|RP: |

|picture [’p?kt?r], nature [’net?r], feature [’f??t?r] |

|the middle [t] sometimes disappears in the positions before “m…l”, “n…l”, |

|“m…r” |

| |Western | |

| |brimstone [’br?msn] | |

| |empty [’emp?] | |

| |The same happens to the | |

| |middle [b]: | |

| |chamber > chimmer, | |

| |embers > emmers, | |

| |brambles > brimmels | |

|between “l” and “r”; “r” and “l”; “n” and “r” a parasitic [d] has developed |

|parlour [’pa:ld?r], tailor [’ta?ld?r], smaller [’sm :ld?r], curls |

|[’ka:dlz], hurl [’a:dl], marl [’ma:dl], quarrel [’kw :dl], world [’wa:dl], |

|corner [’ka:nd?r] |

| | |Western |

| | |a parasitic [d] appeared|

| | |after [l, n, r]: |

| | |feel [fi:ld] |

| | |school [sku:ld] |

| | |idle [a?dld] |

| | |mile [ma?dl] |

| | |born [ba?nd] |

| | |soul [s :ld] |

| | |soon [zu:nd] |

| | |gown [gaund] |

| | |swoon [zaund] |

| | |wine [wa?nd] |

| | |miller [’m?l?d] |

| | |scholar [’sk l?d] |

|the middle [d] in the word “needle” comes after [l]: [ni:ld] |

| |Eastern | |

| |In the word “disturb” | |

| |[b] is pronounced as [v]| |

| |- | |

| |[dis, t?:v] | |

|the first [?] is pronounced as [р] |

|thank [рж?k] and in other words: thatch, thaw, thigh, thin, thing, think, |

|third, thistle, thong, thought, thousand, thumb, thunder, Thursday |

| |Sometimes [?] is | |

| |pronounced as [t] at the| |

| |end of the word: | |

| |lath [lat] | |

| | |Western |

| | |In some words [s] at the|

| | |beginning of the word is|

| | |pronounced as [?]: |

| | |suet [?u?t]. |

| | |The same happens when |

| | |[s] is in the middle of |

| | |the word: |

| | |first [fer?t] |

| | |breast [br??t] |

| | |next [n??t] |

| | |North-West W: [s] is |

| | |sometimes pronounced as |

| | |[(]: sure [(u?r] |

|“sh”, “sk” at the end of the word |

| |Western | |

| |> [s]: | |

| |cask [k s] | |

| |flask [fl s] | |

| |leash [li:s] | |

| |tusk [tus] | |

| |Sometimes instead of [k]| |

| |[t?] is heard: | |

| |back [b t?] | |

| |wark [wa:t?] | |

|sometimes the initial letter or a syllable is apsent |

| |Western |Eastern |

| |believe, deliver, desire, directly, disturb, |

| |eleven, enough, except, occasion, inquest, |

| |epidemic |

|the initial “cl” |

|> [tl]: clad [tlad], clap, clay, claw, clean, cleave, clergy, clerk, clew, |

|cliff, climb, cling, clip, cloak, close, clot, cloth, cloud, clout |

|“gl” in the beginning of the word |

|> [dl]: glad, glass, glisten, gloom, glove, glow |

|[l] in the middle of the word isn’t pronounced |

| |Western |Eastern |

| |Already |

| |shoulder [’?a:d?r] |

| | |the Middle/Eastern |

| | |[l] is often > [ ]: |

| | |bill [b?’ ] |

| | |tool [tu’ ] |

| | |nibble [n?’b ] |

| | |milk [m?’ k] |

| | |silk [s?’ k] |

3. Grammar.

3.1 Nouns.

The definite article.

- There isn’t the definite article before “same”: ’Tis same’s I

always told ’ee”.

- The of-phrase “the… of” is of ten used instead of the possessive

pronoun (e.g. “the head of him “instead of” his head”)

The plural form of a noun.

- In many cases -s (es) can be added for several times:

e.g. steps [’steps?z] (South Som.)

- in some cases [n] is heard at the end of the word:

e.g. keys [ki:n] (Wil.)

cows [kain] (Dev.)

bottles [botln] (South-W. Dev.)

primroses [pr?mr zn] (Dev.)

- but sometimes [s] is heard in the words ended with “-n”

e.g. oxen [ ksnz] (Western Som.)

rushes [r?ksnz] (Dev.)

- some nouns have the same form in the singular and in the plural:

e.g. chicken - chickens [t??k] (Som.)

pipe - pipes [pa?p] (Som.)

- sometimes the plural form of the noun is used insted of the

singular form:

a house [auzn] (Southern Wil.)

3.2 Gender.

The full characteristic of Gender in South-Western English I’d like to

base on the part of the article by Paddock. Paddock uses the historical

lebel “Wessex” to describe the countries of South-Western England.

3.2.1 Gender making in Wessex-type English.

“It is usually claimed that English nouns lost their grammatical

gender during the historical period called Middle English, roughly 1100-

1500. But this claim needs some qualification. What actually happened

during the Middle English period was that more overt gender marking of

English nouns gave way to more covert marking. As in Lyons (1968:281-8),

the term ‘gender’ is used here to refer to morphosyntactic classes of

nouns. It is true that the loss of adjective concord in Middle English made

gender marking less overt; but Modern English still retains some determiner

concord which allows us to classify nouns (Christophersen and Sandved

1969). In addition, Modern English (ModE), like Old English (OE) and Middle

English (ME), possesses pronominal distinctions which enable us to classify

nouns.

We can distinguish at least three distinctly different types of gender

marking along the continuum from most overt to most covert. The most overt

involves the marking of gender in the morphology of the noun itself, as in

Swahili (Lyons 1968:284-6). Near the middle of the overt-covert continuum

we could place the marking of gender in adnominals such as adjectives and

determiners. At or near the covert end of the scale we find the marking of

gender in pronominal systems.

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